Scientific and Professional Conference ‘‘Predrag Marić‘‘, Faculty of Security Studies, University of Belgrade
Proceedings of the Faculty of Security Studies is the official scientific and professional publication of the Faculty of Security Studies, University of Belgrade. The journal serves as a platform for publishing peer-reviewed papers, conference proceedings, and selected scholarly contributions presented at national and international scientific and professional events organized or co-organized by the Faculty. The journal is dedicated to advancing interdisciplinary research and applied knowledge in areas including security studies, disaster risk reduction, integrated risk management, emergency and crisis management, civil protection, critical infrastructure protection, environmental security, resilience studies, and related fields. The Proceedings aim to bridge theoretical frameworks and operational practice by fostering dialogue among researchers, policymakers, public authorities, emergency services, private sector stakeholders, and civil society organizations. By encouraging cross-sectoral collaboration and evidence-based approaches, the journal contributes to strengthening institutional capacities and community resilience. All submissions undergo editorial screening and peer review in accordance with internationally recognized academic publishing standards. The journal is published in electronic format through the Open Journal Systems (OJS) platform and operates under an open-access model to ensure broad dissemination, accessibility, and long-term digital preservation.
Faculty of Security Studies, University of Belgrade rity Studies
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Application of location-based services as part of an integrated natural disaster risk management system
This paper examines the role of location-based services within the framework of integrated natural disaster risk management, with a particular focus on their application in the telecommunication and geospatial guidance and tracking of fire-rescue units, specialized civil protection units, and the civilian population in crisis situations. Integrated natural disaster risk management is intrinsically linked to the availability of geospatial information, which suggests that such information should be regarded and utilized as a decision-support resource — both within integrated risk management systems and at the individual level, in the context of directional guidance and self-evacuation. The fundamental premise advanced in this paper is that technical and technological infrastructures — specifically, platforms supporting location-based services that are publicly available and widely adopted — can serve as a source of relevant orientation and navigation information, playing a significant role in integrated natural disaster risk management by providing users with access to pre-standardized geospatial data, such as geospatial zones affected by natural disasters, evacuation routes, and checkpoints, in appropriate formats. The objective of this paper is to provide a scientific description of the possibilities for the active integration of LBS, primarily for professional purposes through current platforms, as well as through alternative commercial solutions, and to explore the potential for incorporating the civilian population into the integrated natural disaster risk management system by utilizing location-based services as a tool for crowdsourcing and the dissemination of personalized alerts. To this end, the methodological approach is based on content analysis of existing literature on location-based services and natural disaster risk management, as well as on the conceptual synthesis of geospatial and information models. The results indicate that such integration of location-based systems can contribute to enhanced collective and individual situational awareness, improve the monitoring and communication processes of professional personnel within the integrated risk management system, as well as of the civilian population in geospatial areas subject to risk — thereby creating conditions for more effective and efficient resource allocation in order to maximize operational outcomes.
location-based services, geospatial information, integration, civilian population guidance, resource allocation
Copyright (c) 2026 Marko Ilijevski (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal and Institutional Framework for Emergency Management in the City of Belgrade
Emergency management in large cities represents a complex security and organizational process. The subject of this paper is the analysis of the legal and institutional framework for emergency management at the City of Belgrade level. The paper aims to determine the degree of complementarity between relevant regulations and institutional actors, i.e., to what extent legal norms are aligned with the actual capacities for their implementation. The legal analysis encompasses Republic laws (primarily the Law on Disaster Risk Reduction and Emergency Management), by-laws, the Statute of the City of Belgrade, city decisions and planning acts, as well as regulations of city municipalities. The main findings indicate that the legal framework is formally established at all three levels (republic, city, and municipal) and that institutional bodies have been established. However, the substantive complementarity of the legal and institutional framework – i.e., the ability of institutions to actually fulfill the tasks prescribed by law – is significantly impaired. The following deficiencies have been identified: noncompliance with statutory deadlines for adopting planning acts, pronounced inequality in municipal capacities (equipment, training, financial resources), and hampered vertical and horizontal coordination. The reasons for this are financial, cultural, and regulatory control in nature. It is concluded that the complementarity of the legal and institutional framework in Belgrade is largely formal, whereas the system's actual preparedness varies significantly. It is recommended to establish minimum equipment standards with financial support (equalization fund), to introduce mandatory annual exercises and joint training, and to establish clear criteria for activating higher levels of assistance.
emergencies, legal framework, institutional framework, complementarity, City of Belgrade, municipal headquarters, principle of subsidiarity
Copyright (c) 2026 Milan Lipovac (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Management of the extreme situation in the climate change zone (Republic of Serbia): criticism, political-ecological perspective, and complexitas rerum
This paper analyzes the perception of climate-related risks and emergency management capacities in the Toplica District (Republic of Serbia) through a critical political-ecological lens, drawing on the concept of complexitas rerum as a heuristic framework for understanding the interdependent relations among environmental processes, social structures, and institutional configurations of power. Extreme climate-related phenomena, particularly forest fires, are not treated as isolated natural events, but as socially mediated outcomes of interacting climatic, economic, and institutional factors that shape local vulnerability and adaptive capacity. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining a survey of 180 respondents with qualitative insights from a contextual analysis of the regional socio-ecological setting. Empirical findings indicate a high perceived increase in forest fire frequency, strong awareness of climate change impacts, and widespread perceptions of insufficient institutional preparedness and response capacity. At the same time, results highlight the coexistence of individual adaptive strategies and a relatively weak reliance on formal institutional protection mechanisms, particularly in rural and peripheral communities. The paper critically engages with technocratic and depoliticized approaches to disaster and risk management, emphasizing the gap between formal institutional frameworks (de iure) and their practical implementation (de facto) in the context of available resources and capacities. It also highlights how climate risks are socially distributed, with marginalized rural populations experiencing higher exposure and lower access to institutional support. By integrating empirical survey data, regional contextual analysis, and political-ecological theory, the study demonstrates that climate change in the Toplica District is not merely an environmental phenomenon, but a complex socio-political process that reinforces existing inequalities. In this sense, the framework of political ecology, grounded in complexitas rerum, contributes to a more nuanced understanding of emergency management and supports the development of more equitable and locally grounded adaptation strategies amid increasing climate uncertainty.
emergency management, climate change, complexitas rerum, extreme physical phenomena, social inequality
Copyright (c) 2026 Miloš Tomić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Continuity of government functions and protection of classified information in disaster conditions: A theoretical framework and comparative analysis
Contemporary integrated disaster risk management entails a holistic approach that encompasses not only the physical protection of people and material assets, but also the preservation of the functionality of key state institutions and protected information systems. This paper examines strategies and mechanisms for ensuring the continuity of government functions and the protection of classified information in situations of full or partial collapse of infrastructure and information systems caused by disasters of natural, technological, or hybrid origin. The research focus is directed toward three interrelated aspects. The first concerns the methodology for maintaining the operational capability of state authorities under extreme conditions, including the application of hierarchical decision-making models and decentralized command structures. The second aspect addresses technical and technological mechanisms for protecting classified information, with particular emphasis on the use of digital signatures, cryptographic solutions in emergency circumstances, the physical protection of backup centers, and protocols for regular and emergency data archiving. The third aspect analyzes the role of the legal and institutional framework in the normative regulation and practical implementation of these processes. The paper provides a comparative analysis of the experiences of three countries with highly developed systems of protection and continuity: Switzerland, with an emphasis on a system of underground protected facilities and decentralized data storage; Finland, characterized by strong legislative regulation and a developed model of civil–military cooperation; and Israel, where cybersecurity is an integral part of emergency management and the continuity of state institutions’ operations. Based on the analysis of these case studies, recommendations are formulated to improve the system in the Republic of Serbia, including revising national security strategic documents, establishing multi-tier data backup systems, training specialized crisis response teams, and strengthening inter-agency cooperation. The paper contributes to the theory and practice of integrated disaster risk management by highlighting the necessity of establishing a balance between physical and digital resilience as a key prerequisite for safeguarding sovereignty and maintaining the functionality of the state in conditions of profound and complex crises.
national security, protection of classified information, continuity of government functions, disasters, backup centers, digital resilience
Copyright (c) 2026 Goran Matić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of physical and psychological safety strategies in schools and their impact on student protection and safety
School safety is a key factor in a successful educational process and encompasses both the physical and psychological dimensions of student protection. Physical safety includes measures such as facility access control, surveillance of school premises, security protocols, and clearly defined procedures for responding to crises (e.g., evacuation, actions in the event of a threat, violence, or an accident). These measures serve a preventive function by reducing the likelihood of incidents, but they also serve as an operational mechanism that enables employees to respond quickly and coordinate their efforts. However, physical protection alone is insufficient if a culture of safety is not built and students do not feel a sense of belonging, support, and trust in the school environment. This paper aimed to analyze physical safety strategies in schools and their impact on student protection, as well as psychological strategies that contribute to the prevention of emotional risks and the reduction of violence. The methodology used included an analysis of relevant literature and the application of the theory of authoritative school climate, which emphasizes the importance of a combination of clear rules, consistent discipline, and supportive teacher-student relationships. Special emphasis was placed on psychological aspects of safety, such as developing social-emotional competencies, strengthening communication, resolving conflicts nonviolently, and creating a supportive atmosphere in which students feel seen and respected. The results show that schools with strong physical security strategies reduce violence and risky behaviors. In contrast, psychological strategies, such as healthier interpersonal relationships and emotional safety, have a significant impact on academic achievement and the reduction of mental health problems. The conclusion suggests that the most effective approach is an integrated approach that combines organizational and technical measures with pedagogical and psychological interventions. In practice, this means that security protocols and infrastructure solutions should be complemented by systematic violence prevention programs, peer mediation, teamwork among professional services, and continuous education for teachers to recognize early signs of risky behavior and provide support to students. Also, involving parents and the local community in security initiatives further strengthens the school's resilience against various threats. A comprehensive model that simultaneously builds a safe infrastructure and a positive school climate contributes to a safer, healthier, and more stimulating school environment and, thus, to a higher-quality education for students.
physical safety, psychological safety, violence prevention, student protection
Copyright (c) 2026 Admir Metić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Organization of intervention and rescue units in emergencies caused by hazardous materials
Industry has become unthinkable without the use of various hazardous substances in the production process. Non-toxic substances are an indispensable part of modern life, and science and technology only accelerate their development. The system of protection and rescue in emergencies caused by hazardous substances is conditioned by knowledge of the characteristics of a large number of hazardous substances that, during production, storage, distribution, transport, and use, can cause serious consequences for people, material goods, and the environment. In addition to understanding the characteristics, it is necessary to consider their harmful effects, as well as the technical and technological processes themselves. Radioactive, explosive, flammable, toxic substances and biological agents are, by their nature, hazardous substances and can easily be used for the wrong purposes – terrorist attacks. Effective elimination of the consequences of such disasters will largely depend on the management and cooperation of on-site intervention and rescue units. No intervention and rescue unit can provide an adequate response solely on its own, with its own resources and capacities. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an organizational structure or management system that will adequately respond to the situation that has arisen. Based on domestic and international scientific literature, the author will use content analysis to introduce readers to the concepts and characteristics of hazardous materials in the introductory section, then discuss rescue activities and the interdependence of intervention and rescue services. At the same time, the final part will cover the operational and tactical phases (the strategic level of management will not be presented) of the management system in disasters caused by hazardous materials, applying the "8 steps" procedure.
hazardous materials; protection and rescue system; emergency situation; intervention and rescue units; "8 steps"
Copyright (c) 2026 Steva Miletić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Operationalizing the resilience of local communities to flood risk: a capital approach and assessment model
Floods are among the most widespread and devastating natural hazards in Serbia, causing significant human, material, and environmental losses and slowing long-term local and national development. The consequences of floods do not arise only from the characteristics of the natural event. However, they are largely conditioned by the human factor, i.e., the way space is used, the degree of urbanization, planning, infrastructure quality, and institutional readiness to manage risk before, during, and after the event. Based on modern approaches to disaster risk management, the paper focuses on resilience, reflected in the local community's ability to preserve key functions, reduce losses, adapt to changing conditions, and ensure rapid and sustainable recovery. However, experiences following the major floods of 2014, as well as numerous studies, have shown systemic weaknesses and highlighted that existing solutions are often insufficiently coordinated. In addition, local capacities are uneven, and preventive measures remain insufficiently developed to meet the needs of risk-exposed areas. For this reason, strengthening local governments and building resilient communities are considered strategic priorities. This is because risks are identified more quickly, resources are coordinated effectively, and safety measures that impact citizens are implemented more directly at the local level. Based on this, the paper specifically emphasizes that local governments have a dual role: as the bearer of planning and regulation (spatial planning, urban measures, risk assessment) and as the coordinator of operational activities (preparation, alerting, evacuation, care, and recovery). The paper aims to offer a practically usable framework for strengthening local communities' resilience to floods by conceptualizing and analyzing relevant normative and institutional frameworks. Special attention is paid to the integration of investment (infrastructural) and non-investment measures (organizational, educational, planning, and communication), as well as to their coordination across different levels of governance, with clear division of responsibilities and cooperation mechanisms. The focus is also on harmonizing local policies with modern legislative and strategic solutions of the Republic of Serbia, including the Law on Disaster Risk Reduction and Emergency Management (2018), which encourages more systematic risk management and strengthening prevention. The paper shows that flood risk management cannot be based solely on the traditional “flood defense” model. Still, it requires a shift towards an adaptation approach and the concept of “living with floods”, which implies continuous reductions in vulnerability and improvements in capacity. In this context, in addition to classic protection measures, the systematic strengthening of community resources and capacities — natural, economic, infrastructural, human, social, and institutional — is crucial, because it is precisely their quality that determines how ready a community will be to prevent damage, respond to an event, and recover without long-term disruption. Additionally, the paper highlights the importance of partnerships among local governments, public enterprises, the civil sector, and business to pool resources and implement measures more quickly and efficiently.
integrated risk management, economic disasters, systemic risk, resilience, vulnerability, trade fragmentation, economic risk management
Copyright (c) 2026 Sanja Lazić, Vladimir Cvetković, Jasmina Gačić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An integrated algorithm for managing economic catastrophe risks: from exogenous shocks to endogenous vulnerabilities
Contemporary economic disasters are increasingly shaped by the accumulation of endogenous risks rather than isolated exogenous shocks. While natural disasters, financial crises, and trade disruptions continue to act as triggers, their economic consequences are largely determined by pre-existing structural conditions that gradually develop and crack under pressure. This paper develops an integrated algorithm for managing economic disaster risks that conceptualizes disaster risk as a dynamic, systemic process. Starting from a four-layer framework – hazards, exposure, vulnerability, and resilience – the paper synthesizes insights from the disaster economics, systemic risk, and trade fragmentation literature to propose a transferable analytical framework applicable across economic domains. The framework explicitly includes temporal dynamics and governance quality as horizontal elements that shape the transmission, amplification, and mitigation of shocks. Instead of deterministic crisis prediction, the proposed algorithm enables systematic assessment and continuous monitoring of disaster risk by identifying slowly growing fault lines, interaction effects, and potential threshold points. The paper is conceived as a conceptual review and methodological synthesis, focusing on how integrated risk assessment can inform proactive economic risk management. It highlights how adaptive public policy instruments, technological capacities, diversification strategies, and institutional coordination function as buffers that reduce the likelihood and intensity of catastrophic outcomes. By shifting the analytical focus from reactive crisis management to structured forecasting and resilience-oriented policy design, the proposed framework contributes to current debates on economic stability in an increasingly fragmented global economy. The integrated algorithm provides a flexible basis for future empirical modeling and sector-specific applications, offering a common analytical language for assessing economic disaster risk across regions and sectors. Although developed in an economic context, the proposed algorithm is structurally transferable to other complex systems characterized by interactions of hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity, thus representing a flexible basis for interdisciplinary risk assessment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vladimir Ristanović (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of the media in shaping the perception of terrorism
The paper analyzes the role of the media in shaping public opinion about terrorism in contemporary society, with a special focus on how media reporting contributes to the construction of risk, fear, and moral panic. Drawing on the theoretical framework of the risk society, based on the works of Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens, and Zygmunt Bauman, the paper examines how terrorism, through media representations, is transformed from a security phenomenon into a permanent social problem and a constant threat. Special attention is paid to the analysis of media mechanisms, such as sensationalism, framing, and agenda-setting, through which certain events are selectively highlighted and interpreted, thereby influencing perceptions of insecurity and legitimizing restrictive security policies. The paper also points to the importance of cultivation theory, emphasizing that long-term exposure to violent content contributes to the normalization of fear and a sense of permanent vulnerability. The paper analyzes the role of the media in shaping public opinion about terrorism in contemporary society, with a special focus on how media reporting contributes to the construction of risk, fear, and moral panic. Drawing on the theoretical framework of the risk society, as developed by Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens, and Zygmunt Bauman, the paper examines how terrorism, through media representations, is transformed from a security phenomenon into a permanent social problem and a constant threat. Special attention is paid to the analysis of media mechanisms, such as sensationalism, framing, and agenda-setting, through which certain events are selectively highlighted and interpreted, thereby influencing perceptions of insecurity and legitimizing restrictive security policies. The paper also points to the importance of cultivation theory, emphasizing that long-term exposure to violent content contributes to the normalization of fear and a sense of permanent vulnerability.
media, terrorism, risk society, public opinion, moral panic, culture of fear, security, media reporting
Copyright (c) 2026 Anita Klikovac (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Criminal law reflections on the information security law
In everyday discourse, we often equate “modern” with “informational”. The great and undeniable benefits of modern technologies carry with them various concerns and risks. Thus, the facilitated payment of bills to obtain discounts or the inspection of the title deed to verify a contract can be threatened by attacks on information and communication systems (ICT). Such activities affect the average citizen. However, more serious attacks, such as those targeting critical systems, can disrupt the functioning of the entire country. Risk management in information security is one of the fundamental principles of the new Law on Information Security (ZIB) adopted in 2025. However, even with the best risk assessments and preventive measures, some consequences may exceed the scope of this law and fall within the purview of criminal law. Several provisions of the ZIB refer to incidents that threaten information and communication systems to such an extent that they constitute the characteristics of certain criminal offenses. According to the "letter of the law", all criminal offenses come into consideration. Still, the analysis of potential unlawful actions will identify criminal offenses that warrant special attention. The emphasis will be on criminal offenses related to the security of computer data, commercial and industrial activities, the environment, and the general safety of people and property. Given the prescribed obligation to report incidents by ICT operators, and in particular the one relating to the "assessment of whether the incident is a consequence of a criminal offense", we will highlight the importance of understanding and providing this assessment to support further action by the competent authorities. Therefore, it is important to present the limits of criminal law protection, and to consider the actual scope of the applicable regulations and their compliance with the basic criminal law principles.
information security, risk, crime, prevention, ICT, incident
Copyright (c) 2026 Jovana Banović, Mladen Milošević (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preliminary review of a multisectoral approach to environmental risk management in the light of environmental security
The current conditions for implementing business processes from a technical and production perspective require special analytical attention from a management and safety perspective. Production process management includes, in addition to the classical elements of management, a dedicated section for managing various types of risk. Among them, in the conditions of the modern ecological trend, environmental risks are particularly significant. In addition to the important technical-technological influencing factor, the anthropogenic influencing factor must also be taken into account to reduce the potential risks of technical-technological disasters. Modern conditions for achieving the required level of safety in an enterprise include a wider range of safety analyses, grounded in appropriate scientific and methodological foundations, among which the Copenhagen School of Safety is particularly interesting. According to the basic premise, it includes five characteristic areas, or sectors, for consideration of the necessary safety aspects: military, political, economic, social, and environmental. In addition to environmental problems in the environmental sector, they also permeate other sectors, creating conditions for a complex, multidisciplinary analysis. The main goal of this paper is to preliminarily analyze, outline, and present the functional connection between environmental risk management in technical-technological and business processes and the need to achieve an appropriate level of environmental safety. Aspects of the necessary safety analysis are considered through a complex multi-sector approach to the conditions of modern business operations of enterprises, applying modern procedures and methodological achievements of multi-sector analysis. Complex issues of safety, risk assessment, and risk management, in the context of strengthening environmental trends, bring attractive and important multi-sectoral issues of environmental safety to the forefront. Analytical consideration of production activities, their impact on environmental media, and the relevant multi-sectoral approach enable a more complete risk assessment and, in particular, more modern multi-sectoral elements for the systemic management of environmental risks in achieving comprehensive environmental safety.
multisectoral approach, Copenhagen School of Security, environmental risks, risk management, environmental security
Copyright (c) 2026 Miloš Tošović (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The importance of the Faculty of Security in the education of future experts in modern integrated risk management
Security problems in modern society are so interconnected that previously fragmented protection models are no longer adequate. In this paper, we point out the reasons why a new generation of experts is needed who can view risks holistically and translate them into practical solutions. The essence of the reform lies in higher education, especially within the reform of the Faculty of Security — that is, in the development of comprehensive, integrated education for professionals in disaster protection, fire protection, occupational safety and health, and private security. The paper starts with the key premise that effective protection can only exist when technical knowledge, good organization, and the human factor are balanced and functionally connected. By modernizing study programs and focusing more clearly on technical and technological sciences, the focus is shifting from primarily theoretical consideration of risks to the acquisition of competencies for their specific management in real systems. Through new orientations — fire protection engineering, occupational safety and health as interconnected fields, and critical infrastructure management — students acquire applicable engineering skills necessary for the design, construction, and maintenance of modern security systems. This academic change enables the development of highly trained professionals who can confirm their theoretical knowledge through practice and address modern threats. In this way, the resilience of society is strengthened, the quality of risk management is improved, and the level of the security profession, based on scientific evidence and strict technical standards, is raised.
ntegrated risk management, fire protection, occupational safety and health, private security, technical faculty, safety engineering
Copyright (c) 2026 Dragan Novović, Dragana Ostojić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Earthquake risk and insurance in the banking system
Although sophisticated instruments for measuring the magnitude of earthquakes and their effects exist today, there are still no devices capable of accurately predicting the place and time of an earthquake. It is well known that, among all natural disasters, earthquakes tend to be the most destructive, deadliest, and cause the greatest material damage. Modern society depends on numerous infrastructures without which everyday functioning would be impossible. Developed countries have defined their critical infrastructure sectors, among which the banking sector is included. There is no doubt that the functioning of society is impossible without the continuity of banking operations in the event of an earthquake. Issues related to risk and insurance, as well as the analysis of the vulnerability of the banking sector of the Republic of Serbia in the event of an earthquake, are examined in this paper.
banking sector, earthquakes, critical infrastructure, risk management, insurance
Copyright (c) 2026 Marijana Maslak, Dejana Jovanović Popović (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Disaster Resilience in Serbia: A Narrative Synthesis of Institutional, Social, and Perception-Based Evidence
This paper examines disaster resilience from a multidisciplinary perspective in the Republic of Serbia. It analyzes the development of disaster management within the framework of a modern Integrated Disaster Risk Reduction System, grounded in the principles of community resilience. It examines how resilience is perceived by actors participating in its construction, primarily institutions and their organizations in Serbia, but also individuals, that is, persons who are professional exponents of institutions and citizens themselves. By reviewing research on the resilience of local communities in Serbia, one can clearly see the problems Serbia faces in disaster resilience. Although there are normative frameworks for improving resilience, mechanisms for implementing instruments at the local level are lacking. Limited information, fragmented cooperation, and strong reliance on central authorities remain the main problems of institutions. For individuals, structural and psychosocial factors shape the perception of resilience. An examination of the current state of individual resilience actors in Serbia indicates a clear need for continuous measurement of resilience, focusing on the most important factors that influence it. Resilience cannot be understood without a deeper and more comprehensive examination of its individual factors. The low perception of resilience among individuals, both institutional representatives and citizens, underscores the need for targeted reforms to address the clearly identified shortcomings in research. Strengthening the institutional capacities of local government units, encouraging citizen participation in planning processes, integrating traditional values ​​with scientific approaches, and promoting a culture of prevention through education are just some of the steps that must be taken in the short term. In contrast, long-term strategic investments in community and institutional capacities are essential. Through the above steps, social cohesion, institutional trust, and local capacities can be built as determinants of resilience.
community resilience, integrated disaster risk reduction system, disaster resilience measurement, resilience actors, resilience perception, prevention
Copyright (c) 2026 Dalibor Milenković, Vladimir Cvetković (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The importance, content and implementation of environmental, social and governance principles in the field of sustainability and local community development
The contemporary concept of sustainable development in local communities increasingly relies on integrated governance frameworks that connect economic, social, environmental, institutional, and security dimensions of development. One of the most influential frameworks of this kind is ESG, which refers to Environmental, Social, and Governance principles. Although ESG originally emerged in the fields of corporate governance, investment decision-making, and non-financial reporting, it has increasingly gained relevance in the public sector, particularly at the local level of self-government. This paper analyses the meaning, content, and practical applicability of ESG principles in the context of sustainability and development of local communities, with particular emphasis on civil protection, public safety, disaster risk reduction, and community resilience. Special attention is devoted to the relationship between the ESG framework and the legal framework of the Republic of Serbia, especially the Law on Disaster Risk Reduction and Emergency Management. The paper argues that ESG principles should not be understood as a new or externally imposed normative obligation for local governments, but rather as a conceptual, analytical, and operational framework that can improve the implementation of already existing legal duties. The analysis shows that the environmental component of ESG is directly linked to climate risk, environmental protection, spatial planning, and prevention of natural and technological hazards; the social component is related to the protection of citizens, inclusion of vulnerable groups, public health, social cohesion, and community preparedness; while the governance component concerns transparency, institutional responsibility, coordination, accountability, planning, and risk-informed decision-making. By integrating ESG principles into local development strategies, civil protection plans, disaster risk reduction plans, public investment planning, and budgetary processes, local governments can strengthen their capacity to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. The findings indicate that ESG represents a practical tool for improving resilience, transparency, and sustainable development at the local level, particularly in societies exposed to climate change, demographic decline, infrastructural vulnerability, and increasing disaster risks.
sustainable development; local communities; ESG principles (environmental, social and governance); local government; civil protection; security; community resilience; disaster risk reduction; emergency management; public governance
Copyright (c) 2026 Vladimir Jakovljević (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Corporate security as an integral part of the disaster risk reduction and emergency management system
The Disaster Risk Reduction and Emergency Management System in the Republic of Serbia (hereinafter: DRREMS) is regulated by the Law on Disaster Risk Reduction and Emergency Management. This Law establishes an integrated approach to disaster prevention, preparedness, resilience, response, and recovery. Although the Law recognizes the importance of companies and legal entities participating in this system, the question of how to operationalize their role in practice arises. Namely, companies and other legal entities have a legal obligation to prepare a Disaster Risk Assessment and a Protection and Rescue Plan, and to undertake risk prevention and reduction measures within the framework of their activities. They are also required to act upon the request of the competent emergency headquarters and participate in implementing protection and rescue measures. A special role is played by companies and other legal entities recognized as of particular importance for protection and rescue, as well as those that perform certain activities, mainly facilities and systems that constitute critical infrastructure. The efficiency and effectiveness of these entities depend on an optimally organized and functional corporate security system. In addition to the basic function of corporate security, which is the security of persons, property, and operations at the level of a legal entity, it should be borne in mind that corporate security systems have significant potential for taking measures to reduce the risk of disasters, for effective risk management, and even for the rehabilitation and mitigation of the consequences of disasters. As the DRREMS is recognized as an integral part of the national security system, corporate security systems can be viewed and appreciated as a subsystem of DRREMS in the same way. The paper starts from the thesis that corporate security is an integral part of DRREMS in the Republic of Serbia. Corporate security, through its functions, primarily through risk assessment, development of protection and rescue plans, crisis management, and ensuring business continuity, contributes to the improvement of proactive action, reduces the consequences of disasters, and increases the overall resilience of society.
corporate security, private security, disaster risk reduction, emergency management, Republic of Serbia
Copyright (c) 2026 Jana Marković, Nenad Radivojević (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of electronic communications and the media in integrated risk management: the case of a public warning system
Effective risk management in modern society requires a comprehensive and integrated approach that includes coordination and cooperation among various government bodies, institutions, and other relevant stakeholders. In this context, electronic communications and the media play a particularly important role as key instruments for rapid, reliable, and wide-reaching public information in situations of heightened risk, emergencies, and crises. Timely and accurate information is one of the fundamental prerequisites for prevention, mitigation of the consequences of hazardous events, and the protection of citizens’ lives and property. In addition to the public warning function, the media and electronic communications also have an important educational and preventive role through continuous public information, raising awareness of risks, and countering misinformation that may further affect safety in crisis situations. This paper focuses on the importance of institutional cooperation between the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Information and Telecommunications of the Republic of Serbia in establishing and operating a public warning system within the broader framework of integrated risk management. Special attention is given to the analysis of two specific mechanisms: the “Find Me” system, activated in cases of missing minors, and the early warning and public warning message system for impending or imminent threats via SMS and other electronic communications channels. Through these two examples, the paper points to the potential of modern communication technologies and the media to improve coordination among competent institutions, increase response effectiveness, and strengthen public trust in institutional protection mechanisms. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that emergency alerting systems are not merely technical solutions, but an important element of public policy in the areas of security, prevention, and risk management, contributing to greater societal resilience in the face of contemporary challenges and threats.
integrated risk management; institutional cooperation; public emergency alert system; early warning; electronic communications; media; SMS alerting; “Find Me” system; crisis management; security public policies
Copyright (c) 2026 Katarina Tomašević (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Experiences in organizing and implementing evacuation drills for people at risk from educational facilities
Regular evacuation drills for individuals at risk in public facilities are of great importance for employees and visitors, as they improve efficiency and reduce the risk of consequences in real-life fire situations and other emergency events. They are particularly important in facilities used by educational institutions, as these environments, in addition to staff, accommodate a large number of children and young people. Well-prepared, organized, and implemented drills in such institutions enable the verification of alarm systems, evacuation plans and routes, as well as procedures and actions of both staff and students, while also helping to reduce fear and panic. When planning these drills, it is essential to ensure detailed preparation for all key participants involved in their implementation: the director, civil protection officers, teachers, professors, and administrative and technical staff. After the drill is conducted, it is also necessary to analyze all activities carried out during the exercise, identify areas for improvement, and derive lessons, conclusions, and measures for the future. The group of authors analyzed the implemented activities, with particular emphasis on the organizational aspects of the drills and on identifying critical points in the evacuation process. A total of 16 evacuation drills were organized and conducted in all primary and secondary schools within a local self-government unit over a previous period. This paper presents experiences related to the preparation of employees and teaching staff for conducting evacuation drills, potential shortcomings, difficulties, and threats encountered during their implementation, as well as lessons learned following the post-drill analysis involving all key stakeholders. The obtained results confirm that a systematic approach to planning, implementing, and analyzing evacuation drills is a key factor in reducing risks and increasing safety in educational institutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jovana Đoković, Aleksandar Lazarević, Jovana Rajić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial intelligence in integrated disaster risk management: sustainability and human security in Serbia
The Republic of Serbia has officially decided to integrate sustainability principles into its development framework. It is implementing it in accordance with the principles of sustainable development of the European Union and the United Nations. The goal is to establish a balance between economic growth, environmental protection, social inclusion, and institutional resilience. The National Strategy for Sustainable Development of the Republic of Serbia (NSSD) is a strategic public policy document adopted by the Government in 2008. This strategy represents the first comprehensive framework for integrating economic development, environmental protection, and social cohesion into a single, long-term development vision. Although the NSSD formally expired in 2017, its principles continue to influence public policy-making. The paper analyzes the implementation of sustainability principles in Serbia from the perspective of human security, emphasizing the protection of citizens and communities from economic, environmental, health, food, and institutional risks. The analysis identifies significant implementation shortcomings: formal sustainability policies fail to reduce vulnerability, exposure, and inequality sufficiently. Weak coordination among environmental, health, social, and infrastructure policies limits the impact of sustainability principles on ​​human security, especially for vulnerable social groups and endangered regions. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers significant potential to overcome these shortcomings by enabling proactive, data-driven, cross-sectoral governance. The application of AI can improve environmental monitoring, health risk forecasting, energy and infrastructure system resilience, social vulnerability mapping, and policy impact assessment. However, AI achieves its full potential only when used as a decision-support tool, integrated into institutional processes, and supported by interoperable data systems, ethical safeguards, and ongoing human oversight. Based on the above insights, this paper proposes an AI-based governance architecture to improve sustainability in Serbia. This conceptual governance model is designed as an integrative and adaptive framework that, grounded in the principles of human security, should contribute to reducing the risk of natural and other disasters through evidence-based decision-making and institutional coordination.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ivica Lj. Đorđević, Ozren Džigurski (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Introduction of formal education on natural disasters in pre-university education in Serbia
Natural disaster education in Serbia has long been based on informal and non-formal forms of learning. Since the 2017/2018 school year, natural disaster education has gained its place in the formal system. Informal education implemented through electronic and print media, often sensationalistically colored, has encouraged the development of panic and fatalism. Informal education, whose carriers are scientific and professional institutions, has reached a limited number of participants. Therefore, the establishment of formal education on natural disasters represents a significant step towards systematically strengthening the resilience of the wider social community. Legal regulations, through regulations on achievement standards and teaching and learning programs, have ensured that content on natural disasters is explicitly defined as learning outcomes. They are integrated into the programs for the subjects The World Around Us, Nature and Society, and Geography. The content resulting from the defined learning outcomes is presented in textbooks. Methodological and didactic materials such as the manual "How to Protect Yourself from Natural Disasters" and "Climate Cards for Children" have a special place. Through professional development programs for teachers, support has been provided in the implementation of learning outcomes related to natural disasters. This has contributed to the consistent implementation of formal education in primary and secondary schools in Serbia. The content on natural disasters is designed to stimulate learning in three domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. The cognitive domain enables understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of disasters. The affective domain encourages the development of attitudes and beliefs that should prevent panic. The psychomotor domain should ensure the development of practical skills for action in the event of exposure to natural disasters. The synergy of all three domains allows students to develop responsible attitudes and abilities necessary for life in an environment exposed to natural risks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marko V. Milošević (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Disasters and deviant behavior: risk factors and citizen perceptions in Serbia
Disasters, in addition to immediate material losses, can trigger secondary psychosocial processes that increase the risk of various forms of deviant and violent behavior. This paper aims to examine citizens' perceptions in Serbia regarding the connections between disasters, violence, and deviant behavior, as well as factors associated with awareness, self-assessed readiness to respond, and attitudes toward the role of institutions in prevention. The research was conducted through an online survey of 106 respondents in Serbia. Likert scales (P26–P30) and categorical variables (P12–P25) were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, chi-square tests of independence, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression. The results show a high level of basic awareness of natural disaster and violence concepts, but also a strong perception that a significant part of the Serbian population lacks adequate operational knowledge of disaster consequences and post-disaster actions (M=4.39). Respondents are more likely to recognize the impact of disasters on mental health (M=4.21) and the importance of competent services in preventing violence (M=4.12). At the same time, their self-assessed readiness to respond is moderate (M=3.82). The strongest association within attitudes was observed between support for education and assessment of the impact of disasters on mental health (r=0.40; p<0.001). Chi-square analyses indicated several significant associations with gender and income (small to moderate effects). At the same time, ANOVA differences were confirmed in two cases: by gender for attitude about PTSD/mental health and by income for self-rated readiness to respond. Regression models suggest a limited role for sociodemographic factors in explaining attitudes, suggesting a likely greater role for experiential and contextual factors (disaster experience, trust in institutions, exposure to training). The findings support the need for systemic risk communication and the development of practically oriented educational programs that, with clear reporting protocols and inter-institutional coordination, can reduce the risk of escalation of violence and deviant behaviors in crisis settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vladimir Cvetković, Tamara Stojanović, Vladimir Jakovljević, Vanja D. Cvetković (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of higher education institutions in the development of multidisciplinary and integrated risk management
Contemporary security and legal systems are increasingly confronted with complex, interconnected, and difficult-to-predict risks, which challenge the effectiveness of traditional, sector-based approaches to risk management. Integrated Risk Management has emerged as a response to this complexity, based on the assumption that risks must be addressed systemically, taking into account their social, legal, and security dimensions. In this context, education, and higher education institutions in particular, play a crucial role in developing the knowledge, competencies, and security culture necessary for implementing an integrated approach. This paper examines the role of higher education institutions in the development of multidisciplinary and integrated risk management, drawing on theoretical approaches to risk and contemporary security studies. Special attention is paid to education as a security resource, the role of higher education institutions in shaping professional identities and security culture, and the importance of multidisciplinarity in understanding and managing contemporary risks. The analysis draws on relevant domestic and international academic literature in security, law, education, and risk studies. The paper concludes that integrated risk management cannot be sustained without a strong educational foundation and that higher education institutions represent one of the key actors in building institutional and societal resilience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Milica Bošković, Nenad Putnik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0